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A derivative measures a function’s rate of change. For a positive integer n, d(xⁿ)/dx = nxⁿ⁻¹. The derivative of a constant is zero; differentiate a sum term by term.
Worked example: Differentiate f(x) = x³ + 2x − 7.
The derivative of x³ is 3x².
The derivative of 2x is 2; the derivative of −7 is 0.
Therefore f′(x) = 3x² + 2. At x = 1, the rate of change is 5.
Your turn
Write your method before opening the answer. These original questions are for practice, not official past-exam papers.
1. Differentiate 4x² − 3x + 5.
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8x − 3
Differentiate term by term: d(4x²)/dx = 8x, d(−3x)/dx = −3, and d(5)/dx = 0.
2. Evaluate ∫₀² x dx.
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2
An antiderivative is x²/2. Evaluate: (2²/2) − (0²/2) = 2.
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